Cultural Revolution in China

Cultural Revolution in China The Cultural Revolution left an imprint on China for Decades and really shaped and influenced all political things that took place in China and also to an extent left a large direct effect on China itself and a lasting legacy that resonated in mainland China and outside China that influenced many different things. This will be proven by first going through what exactly is the Cultural Revolution, because it is important to look at what the Cultural Revolution actually is. This will lead into the next part of having a look at the direct impact of the Cultural Revolution on China. Following that this essay will move onto looking at the exact legacy the Cultural Revolution has left on China by breaking it down into individual parts. The Cultural Revolution or as it is known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Clark, 2008) was a socio political event that began in the Peoples Republic of China in 1966 and ran for ten years until 1976. The Revolution was set into motion by Mao Zedong, the leader of China and the head of the Communist Party based in China. The set goal of the revolution was the reinforcement of Chinese Communism by removing all capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from the Chinese society and enforcing Maoist orthodoxy within the Communist Party. The Revolution was officially launched in May 1966 after Mao had alleged that wealthy elements in Chinese Society were infiltrating the Chinese Government and Society with the aim of restoring capitalism. He insisted that these elements be completely removed though a violent class struggle. In response to his calls, Chinese youth formed Red Guard groups around the country and began their campaign. Mao in support of this ordered the party and the army not to interfere. The movement though spread into all aspects of Chinese culture, politics and military. This resulted in wide spread factional struggles in all aspects of Chinese life. It resulted in the near decimation of the Chinese Communist Party leadership to such an extent that only four of the seventeen members of the 1956 Politburo survived to the Ninth Congress in April 1969 Mao himself, his acolyte Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Li Xiannian all the rest been either imprisoned or killed. Additionally millions of people were arrested in these violent factional struggles that took place across the country. These people were subject to a wide arrange of abuses including public humiliation, arbitrary imprisonment, torture, sustained harassment, and seizure of property. (Johnston, 2010) As well as this a large portion of the public were forcibly displaced, most noticeable was the transfer of pretty much all urban youth in the final stages of the Cultural Revolution to the rural regions during the Down to the Countryside Movement, to learn from the peasants. On top of this sticking to the gaol of wiping out all traditional Chinese Culture numerous historical relics, artefacts were destroyed and Cultural and religious sites were either ransacked or destroyed. While Mao declared the Revolution over in 1969, its active phase lasted until 1976. From 1969 to 1976 there was a gradual return to normalcy as China really began to take the right course after realising the damage the Cultural Revolution had caused. Following Maos death and the arrest of the gang of four in 1976, reformers led by Deng Xiaoping gained power and by 1978 most of the Maoist reforms that were associated with the Cultural Revolution had being abandoned and any mention or evidence of the Cultural Revolution been highly censored and hidden from the public. Since the end of the Cultural Revolution it has been treated widely as a negative phenomenon that damaged China for decades afterwards. Essentially the Cultural Revolution directly impacted all of Chinas population in one form or another. During the Revolution, all economic activity in any form was virtually halted, with the revolution been the primary objective of the country. At the beginning of the Cultural revolution large numbers of red guards were brought to Beijing with all expenses paid by the government, these large numbers resulted in the railway system been thrown into turmoil. As per the Revolutions goals countless ancient Chinese buildings, antiques, artefacts, books and paintings were destroyed by the Red Guards. In addition to the economic damage, the ten years of the Cultural Revolution brought the Chinese education system to a virtual standstill. University entrance exams were abolished in the early stages of the revolution and not restabilised until 1977 under Deng Xiaoping. Most intellectuals were viewed as a threat to the revolution and were sent to rural labour camps and many of those who survive d left China shortly after the revolution ended. Many survivors and independent observers suggest that almost anyone with skills over that of the average person was made the target of political struggle in some way. (Dirlik, 1993) In the view of Western observers from the US and followers of Deng Xiaoping, the revolution resulted in almost an entire generation of Chinese people being inadequately educated. An example of this is when measurements of literacy resumed in the 1980s.When they did resume it painted a bleak picture of the impact the revolution had on Chinas education system, Some counties in Zhanjiang had illiteracy rates as high as 41% some 20 years after the revolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This effect may have been less if not for the by the elimination of qualified teachers (Johnston, 2010) Which forced many of the districts to rely solely upon chosen students to re-educate the next generation. Overall the direct impact of the Cultural Revolution was that basically everything economic stopped and there was a total breakdown of almost everything and China pretty much lost all of the intelligent workforce which meant they had no high level educated workers like doctors, teachers etc. The first legacy the Cultural Revolution left on China was on the Chinese communist party itself. To try and make sense of Maos leadership of the Cultural Revolution while limiting any damage to the party and their legitimacy to remain in power, the successors that followed Mao needed to really give a historical judgement that worked in Maos and the communist parties favour. On June 27th 1981, the central committee released the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the Peoples Republic of China, an official assessment of major historical events since 1949. (Myers, 1995) This Resolution while noting Maos leadership in the Revolution, stated that the chief responsibility for the grave Left error of the Cultural Revolution, an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, lies with Comrade Mao Zedong (Myers, 1995). It lessened the blame on him by asserting that the revolution was manipulated by the counterrevolutionary groups of both Lin Biao and Jiang Qing, who both caused worst problems and Mao never played a direct part in any of this (Myers, 1995). This official view was primarily aimed at separating Maos actions during the Cultural Revolution from his activities during the Chinese Civil War. This was quite nicely summed up by Deng Xiaoping when he stated that Mao was 70% good, 30% bad (Kilfi, 1999)This has resulted in Mainland China, the history of this time been based solely on the Party line which manages to not solely blame Mao for any of the problems that occurred during this time. As if any of the blame for the Cultural Revolution was placed solely at the feet on Mao, it would cause questions to be asked about the Communist Partys legitimacy to power. The next legacy it has left on China is impacting on Contemporary China itself this legacy on Contemporary China is linked to the legacy left on the Communist party to an extent that the party line on what happened during the Cultural Revolution has spread into contemporary China. The legacy has been left to such an impact that the revolution itself has been actively covered up and any mention of it has been removed. Any sort of Public discussion on the Cultural Revolution in public is strictly limited in China. To this day the Chinese government continues to block news organisations from mentioning any details from the Cultural Revolution, and any sort of online discussions and books about the revolution are subject to high levels of scrutiny. Education materials on the Revolution continue to abide by the official view of the events, blocking younger people from learning the truth about the revolution. Almost all of the government documents from the time of the Cultural Revolution r emain classified and are not open to the public or inspection by independent academics. At the national museum of China in Beijing, the Cultural Revolution is not mentioned much at all in any of its historical exhibits. The reason the government really actively tries to remove the Cultural revolution from Chinese history is the it still considers itself at least in one part or another an inheritor of its legacy . Which really means that the government is worried that continued academic probing and popular widespread discussions will eventually lead ideological conflict and increase social instability and it may threaten the foundations of Communist rule. (Johnston, 2010) This has led to the maintenance of Political and Social Stability been the highest priory of the Chinese government since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989, this includes the securing of the Communist party as well. This has led the government to really adopt the line that it has no interest in re-evaluating any issue that might lead to a split in the Chinese leadership, or which might polarize the Party on ideological grounds. (Slavicek, 2010) Overall the Legacy of the Cultural Revolution on contemporary China is that the government basically fears any knowledge of the revolution in todays world may once again stir up trouble for the Communist Party Outside of mainland China it has left a legacy of inspiring events in Hong Kong, Taiwan and other places around the world. In Hong Kong an anti-colonial pro-communist strike was launched was launched in 1967, which was directly inspired by the Cultural Revolution. In Taiwan a Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched to counter what was considered to be a destruction of traditional Chinese values by the Communists on the mainland. Worldwide, Mao as a response of the Cultural Revolution emerged as a symbol of the anti-establishment, grassroots populism, and self-determination. His revolutionary philosophies found adherents in the Shining Path of Peru, the U.S.-based Black Panther Party (Slavicek, 2010) In Modern times, matters surrounding the Cultural Revolution raised again in 2007, when the Hong Kong Chief Executive remarked that the Cultural Revolution represented the dangers of democracy, remarking People can go to the extreme like what we saw during the Cultural Revolution [], wh en people take everything into their own hands, then you cannot govern the place (Johnston, 2010) The evidence is there that the Cultural Revolution has of course left a legacy on Chinas Special territories and has spread to the rest of the world as well in one aspect or another and acts as a symbol of anti-establishment around the world Concluding the Cultural Revolution even though it happened decades ago has and will continue to leave a legacy and will continue to impact China and influence events around the world. It has also made in a way the Chinese worried of fully integrating modern democracy into Chinas political system as it would cause them to come clean about the Cultural Revolution and damage Communist rule

The darkness of man’s heart in “Lord of the Flies” Essay

To â€Å"explore the darkness of man’s heart† is one of the key themes in William Golding’s novel Lord of the flies. As the boys on the island regress from well-behaved, well-mannered children aching for rescue to cruel, bloodthirsty hunters who have no desire to return to civilization, the boys naturally lose their sense of innocence that they possessed at the beginning of the novel. This novel is about young English boys Marooned on an uninhabited island, with no adult supervision, forcing them to create their own â€Å"civilization†. Three key ideas of darkness of mans heart are loss of innocence, characters and symbolism. Golding also suggests that every person has the evil within them and often it takes a special event to these things to materialize Paragraph 1- Loss of innocence Golding highlights darkness of mans heart by showing the boy’s loss of innocence. One of the key quotes to describe â€Å"Darkness of mans heart† is â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called Piggy†. This quote is at the end of the novel where the boys encounter the Naval officer, who appears out of nowhere to rescue them. When ralph sees the officer he realizes that he is now safe and will be returned to â€Å"actual civilization†. Ralph understands he has lost his innocence and learned about the evil that loiters within all human beings. In the Novel Golding does not expose this loss of innocence as something the children have done but he implies that the loss of innocence comes naturally. It is ironic how the boys become evil savage and cruel to each other creating a war just like the one they have fled from. Agnolishes Paragraph 2- Characters Golding explores the darkness of mans heart by showing the good of young English boys then he shows how â€Å"how every person has a dark side†. The boys naturally lose the sense of innocence that they possessed at the beginning of the novel. Ralph, the novels protagonist, is a 12-year-old boy who is elected leader on the island. Ralph tries to create a civilization though- the boys are not co-operating and tension rises. Ralph loses his belief in the innocence of humanity, because he himself does not commit any immoral act, from memory. Whereas Ralph and Jack stand at different ends of the â€Å"battlefield† between civilization and savagery. Paragraph 3- Symbolism Darkness of mans heart can be interpreted in the novel by using symbolism. â€Å"Lord of the flies† is the bloody, severed sow’s head that jack spears in the forest glade as an offering to the beast. This symbol becomes the most significant image in the novel when Simon confronts the sow’s head in the glade and it speaks to him. Telling him that the evil lies within every human heart. Lord of the Flies biblical meaning is named â€Å"Beelzebub, a powerful sometimes thought to be the devil himself. Golding uses Piggy’s violent death symbolically to represent an end to civilization and order on the island. Roger, the symbol of evil, releases the giant boulder that smashes the conch and kills Piggy his death is incredibly symbolic, especially in the way he dies being smashed by a boulder is not only an extremely violent way to die, but it is also senseless and meaningless. The moment is a snapshot for the most important theme of the novel Darkness of mans he art and savagery. Conclusion: William Golding novel has successful portrayed the darkness of mans heart through these key points, Loss of innocence

Cunard Line, Ltd Essay

Cunard Line Ltd. is a cruise line that represents luxury and class providing four to five star cruise ship options. Their overall target market is mature adults with mid to very high income-levels. A lot of the marketing efforts put forth by Cunard were going towards tactical efforts and the promotion of individual ships as opposed to the promotion of the entire brand. Although most of the ads portrayed the same look and had an individually tailored paragraph and/or photo. Set backs caused by the worldwide recession as well as the Iraq War has caused Cunard the dilemma of risking their prestigious company image to provide consumers with larger discounts or develop other marketing strategies that will seek to maintain their 90% occupancy rate without lowering their high quality position. It created more pressure for the creation of â€Å"sales oriented† marketing, which would jeopardize their high-class image. With competitors such as Carnival who are able to provide large discounts, it makes it difficult for Cunard to avoid using the same approach in order to compete. Segmentation Strategy Cunard seems to have taken a Concentrated Marketing approach to segmentation. Generally, they focus on one target market – the upper class. Although this can be seen as a disadvantage in an economy experiencing a recession, by segmenting based on this niche income and lifestyle, Cunard is able to tailor their services specifically to them rather than targeting more than one market and not providing the best service possible. Not only do their advertisements and brand perception demonstrate this segmentation but they make efforts to communicate personally with their clients. This is demonstrated through through letters that they send with personalized marketing messages, tailored specifically to the needs of their customers. Price/Quality Relationship The concept of price/quality relationship is heavily integrated into the target market that Cunard has chosen. Along with their brand image, the high price of their services gives off a perceived high quality. Although services are generally intangible, services such as providing reservations for an entire mealtime in their five-star cruise ship is merely one example of how Cunard tries to maintain this price/quality relationship. With the price that consumers pay, they come to expect the best service for their dollar. Generally those who pay these high amounts believe that money is no object as long as they receive a great quality product or service. Satisfaction would mean that they reached or exceeded the expectations consumers had of the service. Cunard tries not to portray prices in their advertising or have constantly advertised sales in order to keep the price/quality relationship high and retain customers who respect this aspect of their company. Alternative Strategies There are multiple strategies that Cunard may take in order to maintain their high-class brand image while bringing in enough consumers from their target market. One of these alternatives is to create relationships with big companies and provide them with a vacation package deal. An example of this is creating a relationship with a large insurance company who is then able to create a contest for self-employed insurance advisors. As self-employed individuals they have the potential of gaining high incomes and through a contest they will be motivated to meet certain productivity requirements. Only those who qualify will be able to go on the trip and will therefore meet the high standards of the Cunard brand. This method would probably be more effective for the four star ships who cater less to those at or near the retired age and target a little bit of a lower income than the five star ships. Another alternative strategy would be to create a loyalty program for existing Cunard customers. This method can be used for customers of the four or five star ships. This loyalty program would provide occasional direct offers to customers who already have experience with Cunard and therefore will not view the deals as a lowering of standards. An example of a deal that can be provided is a selling package that is good for a year or two. This package would outline a discounted price for a set amount of people to travel on a certain cruise ship. That way, there is enough time for a customer to realistically plan out a trip while providing an incentive for them and encourage more action as opposed to a regular priced ad. Lastly, an alternative that can be taken is to build relationships with various large companies with employees who make an income in the target range and make offers to company executives. This method would not downplay the company image because Cunard would be communicating directly with high-income executives and furthermore will not be making any public sales or advertisements. This method would create new potential customers who are directly in the target market of choice using the method of relationship building. This may also result in additional customer retention. This method can be used for both the four and five star ships. In order to attract the target market of the five star ships, Cunard can make an arrangement with a company to offer a deal with their luxury ships as part of a retirement plan. Recommendations As a general recommendation, Cunard should focus on brand loyalty and relationships. Marketing efforts should go towards the advertising of the overall brand rather than individual ships while the rest of the company’s efforts should go towards relationship building. These relationships will then in turn target certain customers to certain ships through Cunard’s arrangements with companies. Considering the situation regarding the recession and war, Cunard should focus heavily on the strategy of building relationships with companies who can create vacation contest packages for their employees. During the time of a recession, anyone would appreciate an incentive to make more money and the opportunity to gain something from it. By winning something so prestigious, consumers gain confidence as well as social benefits, which can initially be their motivation. If it is a large company, there is potential for many qualifiers who can turn into loyal customers whether it be through the continuation of the contest yearly, or by their own personal desire to continue their relationship with Cunard. These contests will not jeopardize the high-quality image of the company because through negotiation, Cunard can insure that the qualification requirements are at a level where when achieved, it will be viewed as prestigious. If this contest continues yearly, Cunard can maintain their customer value, satisfaction and trust and therefore have customer retention. This will result in less price sensitivity, positive word of mouth, returning customers and a long lasting relationship. If Cunard continues to use marketing to market their entire company while bringing their services directly to their desired market, they can ensure a 90% occupancy and the continuation of a high-class cruise ship operation.

Terrorism and the United States Essay - 1250 Words

Terrorism and the United States A cloud of anthrax spores looming in the sky of San Diego California designed to inflict a horrible death within ninety-six hours on anyone who breaths it. At first, thousands of victims think they have mild influenza or a cold that recedes after a day or two. However, when their symptoms return, and their lungs starts filling-up with fluid the victim realize that another terrorist attack has occurred. Hundreds of victims have acute psychosomatic pain. They besiege over crowded hospitals demanding treatment. Local hospitals and medical clinics quickly run out of drugs. Law enforcement and military†¦show more content†¦Because it is so hard to define, organizations like the United Nations have had great difficulty drawing up policies against terrorism. Terrorist actions may be committed by a single individual, a certain group, or even governments. Most terrorists, u nlike criminals, claim to be dedicated to higher causes, and do not believe in personal gain. The methods used in terrorism include threats, bombings, and the destruction of property, kidnapping, and the taking of hostages, executions, and assassinations. As we are approaching the new millennium, it seems that terrorism is becoming another one of societys constant problems. It has reached to an extent that most of us have now become immune to it. We hear about the hijacking of different airplanes, kidnapping of diplomatic officers, slaughter of innocent civilians. However, terrorists in most instances first strike by doing something vicious like bombing an area and bio-chemical attacks which the government and the citizens of the country can be terrified of them. Then, they make their demands: safe passage or release of their fellow terrorists. What can the government do to stop terrorism? Mr. Bush and America do not negotiate with Terrorist. Unfortunately, the United Stateshas become the target of the most recent terrorist attacks because of its political involvement in the Middle East. The United States has hadShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Terrorism1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthat not only does the United States have a his tory of torturing terrorism suspects by methods including waterboarding, sleep deprivation, solitary confinement, and threats to the self or the family, but also that the use of such torture is illegal according to United States and international law. I will also argue that the United States is guilty of the illegal extraordinary rendition of terrorist suspects. Further, I will argue that current standards for investigating terrorism suspects jeopardizesRead MoreTerrorism : The United States1530 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism is something that has affected the lives of the American population in the United States at least once in their lifetimes. It is something that Americans have read about in history books and have seen on national television. The United States defines terrorism under Title 22 of the U.S. Code (USC) Section 2656f (d) as a, â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usu ally intended to influence an audienceRead MoreTerrorism : The United States1154 Words   |  5 Pages The United States promotes international freedom, and discourages any organization who is attempting to disrupt freedom. In recent years, terrorism has become one of the United States greatest dilemmas. Terrorism is a horrific crime against society, and the people who carry out these acts are considered people some of the worst criminals of today. Following September 11 the United States made a decision to wage war of terror. The United States â€Å"War on Terror† attempts confront these people andRead MoreTerrorism And The United States1981 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Today when we think of terrorism and terrorist as being something grown out of radical and fundamentalist Islamic Societies in the middle east. However, terrorism does not have to come from abroad. Terrorism can be homegrown in America and for the past 40 years that is what has been happening in cities all across the United States. Gang related terrorism is extremely high in inner cities all across the country and the Crips are the largest gang that operates in America. In 1970’s CaliforniaRead MoreThe United States Intervention With Terrorism1081 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism, in a modern day perspective, has been molded as a Middle Eastern threat to Western Civilization; although the whole idea of terrorism itself has existed for ages. Undoubtedly, â€Å"The War on Terror,† is a western form of saying to depict the general aspect of terrorism. Through all aspects of the world, terrorism, is defined as an act of unruly and warlike tactics that mainly creates harm to civilians. Usually, these acts of violence are not simply for the use of harming citizens, but toRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism On The United States897 Words   |  4 Pagespeople see security and safety is changing around the world due to increase numbers of terrorism. Countries around the world are becoming more in favor of securing their border and bring in less and less immigrants. This sentiment has been gradually increasing over the years. However, one country government openly welcomed Syrian refugees and that nation is Germany. S. Akbarzadeh, and D. Conduit, (2016) state that more than 4.8 million refugees are living outside Syria, and many more are displacedRead MoreTerrorism And Its Effects On The United States1301 Words   |  6 Pageschanged on this day. It’s now remembered forever by the title of 9/11. Terrorism has been involved in the U.S. for many years. This is one, sad example of the act. There are many parts to the dreadful, sad story, including terror ism in general, the planning behind the event, who was involved, the day of, and the aftermath. Terrorism has become a big problem in the U.S. Even today it’s something that American’s can not control. Terrorism is defined as the act of people aiming to hurt a particular governmentRead MoreThe Impact Of Terrorism On The United States932 Words   |  4 PagesThese include studies by Morland, Butler and Leskin into the effects of terrorism in the United States; Vazquez, Perez-Sales and Hervas covering the social and individual effects of terrorism in Madrid; Frazier and Berman covering post-traumatic growth in female sexual assault victims; and Joseph, Williams and Yule on psychosocial perspectives on PTSD and treatment (TRG pg 19). 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There are many nations that have faced horrible issues and continue to try to find a solution but to no avail, because terrorism still exists around the world. There are many questions that have still gone unanswered and many governments are finding some relief â€Å"with considerable assistance from anti-terrorism organizations (Fischer, 2002).† Terrorist can strike not just large cities, but communities of any

My First Encounter With The Monastery Of The Holy Spirit

The Facts This was my first encounter with the Monastery of the Holy Spirit. I chose the Monastery because it was the only place that I haven’t visited on the list of samples. I also enjoyed the scenic, ten-minute drive to the Monastery. At first, I was simply blown away by the beautiful landscape. When I stepped out of my car, I remember feeling this sense of peace. Before I even went inside, I started walking the trail that leads to the retreat. All I could think about was how beautiful the place was. As I was walking, I noticed that the everything seemed so still and peaceful. Even the wildlife seemed to be at peace. I did not reach the retreat house because I wanted to find out more about the landscape. After my 45-minute walk, I ventured inside the Visitor’s Center and Cafà © for a refreshment. The store was just like any other Christian store I’ve been in, but the cafà © was different. The first thing I notice about the cafà © were these gorgeous wooden tables and benches. Then, I noticed how the cafà © was set up. There was a refrigerator to my immediate right that had all the cold beverages. The hot beverages were self-serve, and they were just a few feet away. It was one of the neatest set ups that I’d ever seen in a cafà ©. I would say that it is probably one of the most aesthetically pleasing cafes that I have ever visited. Once I finished examining the cafà ©, I decided to enter the museum. Interpretation and Evaluation As I exit the cafà © and head towards the museum,Show MoreRelatedThe Spiritual Exercises Of Ignatius Loyola1782 Words   |  8 PagesI will explore a few of unique approaches as outlined in the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. I will describe my experience of integrating some of the concepts of spiritual direction into my practice. 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Used Material†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 5. Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 5.1 Content Selection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 5.1.1. Omitted Content: From Evil Monkey to Holy Buddha†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 5.1.2. Added Content: The Victim Called Sun Wukong†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 5.1.3. Altered Content: Mischief or Sins?............. 22 5.2. Differences in Referential Methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 24 5.2.1. 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Diversity in Workplace Organizational Posses

Question: Describe about the Diversity in Workplace for Organizational Posses. Answer: Introduction Diversity in workplace means the different attitudes and values that people in organization posses. Diversity in workplace is gaining a lot of importance in todays world. It is beneficial for the employees as well as advantageous for employers and managers. Diversity in workplace means recruitment of people in the organization from different places, cultures, religions, gender, and origins. Workplace diversity refers to different types of people that work in an organization. It includes diversity encompassing race, gender, age, group, personality, attitude, lifestyle, culture, education and background (Afzal et al., 2013). Managing this diversity in workplace is necessary as diversity in workplace provides many opportunities and challenges that can be mitigated if properly managed. As per the opinion of Barak, (2013),diversity at workplace is gaining attention due to the process of globalization. The interactions at workplace are rising. People today compete with the global world and do not remain inclusive. Hence, it is essential for the organizations to recognize this and become more diverse in its culture by recruiting people from all over the world. The issue of managing diversity at workplace is gaining importance. Then organizations should become multicultural in its operations, as managing diversity is an important managerial change. Despite of this workforce diversity, career and personal development remains obstacles for many specially females and minority groups. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the importance of workforce diversity and analyze the challenges and opportunities the managers in 21st century confront. Body Importance of diversity at workplace Workplace diversity is seeking the attention of the managers and employers because globalization is leading to increase in interaction among people from diverse culture. According to Bhattacharya, (2012), workplace diversity affects all the business and organizations. A team lacking in diversity is a bad sign. The interactions between the individuals and groups are rising with the rise in globalization. People now do not only leave in a secluded environment. They compete with people from worldwide. Diversity at workplaces has more opportunities of increasing competitive advantage and productivity. The needs of 21st century require citizens to be culturally sensitive and internationally focused. The orientation of 21st century has shifted from past to the future (Bond Haynes, 2014). Hence, in this scenario it is essential for the organizations to hire people and individuals that are creative in their thinking, which is possible by hiring diverse people from different background and c ulture. The term diverse workforce is often misused and misconnected. In 21st century, it is more linked to political ping-pong. The social differences lead the people to view world and society differently. The 21st century has led to transform employee and employer relationship. A more diverse workforce creates opportunities for creation of demand by providing more innovative products (Djabi Shimada, 2013). Offering flexible workforce and environment helps in managing the use of technologies efficiently. The diversity at workplace is gaining importance and the perspective has changed. The number of women employed in organizations has increased. Diversity at workplaces is seen more as a source to achieve competitive advantage rather than creating knowledge based economy (Ewoh, 2013). Diverse workforce helps the organizations fight the challenges that they face at the market place. The responsibility of the managers is to formulate plans and strategies to implement diverse workforce at organization. It is the duty of the human resource manager to manage the employees in an organization effectively. Diversity at workplace is important for the managers as well as employees. Workplace diversity helps in fostering mutual respect among employees. It also helps the employees in conflict resolution, and expanding the social life. Working with diversified workforce helps in bringing respect to the employees increasing and improving the performance of the organization. It also helps in increasing exposure. Employees work from different backgrounds that helps in increasing exposure (Harvey Allard, 2015). Workforce diversity has various economic benefits as well. It helps in driving economic growth as human capital substantially grows with incorporation of more women, ethnic minorities and racial people in the organization. It also leads to more qualified workers, as employers tend to hire the best employees while choosing from the diverse workforce. Diversity also leads to creation of employment opportunities. Many corporate today have employed a certain department in the organization for managing the diversity at the workplace. This department is known as human resource department (Jonsen et al., 2013). According to Kirton Greene, (2015), many organizations are changing the way they are adopting diverse culture in an organization. In recent time the perspective and definition of diversity, management has changed. It not only includes inclusion of gender, sex, race and culture but also diversity in thoughts. Maintaining diversity of thoughts is essential for managing the talent by managing techniques and problem solving methods critically. Lack of diversity greatly affects the companies that are future focused. Technology leads to movement from burden to benefit. The discussion of workplace diversity is becoming more open and diverse. Diversity at workplace helps in promoting more tolerant environment. Workforce diversity challenges and opportunities confronting new managers in the 21st century: Managing diversity at workplaces is both an important and difficult task. The management of diversity has many challenges and opportunities that the managers in 21st century face. According to Kumar, (2015), the employees at diverse company come from different backgrounds and culture and hence managing them is a complex task. People have differences in attitude and thinking that often creates conflict at workplace. The benefits and advantages of diversity in workplace is not without the challenges that is given as follows. Since people in organization come from different background and culture, hence their way of communication differs. The languages that they use are different. Hence, it is the duty of the human resource department and managers to manage the cultural and language barriers in order to manage the diversity successfully. As opined by Martn Alczar et al., (2013), the miscommunication and ineffective communication often leads to confusion in workplace that can harm the success of the organization. Ineffective communication also leads to lack of teamwork and lowers the morale. Hence, managing communication and overcoming the language barrier is one of the major challenges that the managers need to manage. The second challenge of diverse workforce is not acceptance to apply the change or resistance to change. According to Podsiadlowski et al., (2013), the managers come across various types of people in the organization. Diversity means adapting changes. Individuals who are not ready to resist changing are a big challenge to the managers. This leads to the creation of negative attitude that leads to slowing of the positive change and productivity. The managers can overcome this challenge by providing workshops where the employees can know each other so that it becomes easy for them to adapt to change. The third challenge of diversity at workforce is unorganized diversity management plan. It is essential for the managers to not only provide sufficient training but to create an efficient successful implementation plan. According to Sagar, (2014), managers must take an organized approach so that the diversity can be managed efficiently. The diversity plan should be communicated efficiently with the staff through meetings and conferences so that the organizations are able to manage the diversity at workforce effectively. It is the responsibility of the managers to make the employees understand the importance of diversity at workplace. This is because not all people in organization are ready to accept change and diversity. Another challenge of managing diversity is capturing opportunities that the diversity provides. According to Schaeffer Mattis, (2012), diversity leads to generation of new approaches and practices. It is essential for the managers to formulate flexible strategies so that they are able to incorporate these practices. The managers should manage the diverse workforce effectively so that there is no discrimination. Often there is found that women are given less priority in recruiting them in higher position. This may lead to discrimination of employees. People from different cultures meets at one place and work together. The attitude of different people at work may be different, due to which the conflicts at work may arise. Hence, it is the duty of manager to manage and resolve the conflict at workplace to manage the tension. According to Scott, (2012), discrimination and fairness are the two major challenges that the organization face in managing the workforce diversity. It is essential for the managers to ensure that the workforce diversity is managed fairly so that the plan does not hurt sentiment of any individual or group. Inclusion of all the employees in an organization is often challenging for managers. The responsibility of integrating individuals at work is the duty of the manager. The team should be building in such a way so that it contains peoples from diverse background and culture. However, despite of having various challenges of managing diversity at workplace it also gives managers an opportunity that if utilized properly can lead to bring success to the organization. According to Urciuoli, (2015), workplace diversity is a key to improve the productivity of the organization. Diversity at workforce helps in combining different talents at an organization that can be utilized to increase the productivity. Different individuals have different set of skills. Combining all the skills together will help in better achievement of goals and targets set by the organization. It not only increases the productivity of the organization but also the loyalty of the employees and their retention power. As opined by Ewoh, (2013), diversity at workplace also leads to increased creativity and problem solving. Diversity at workplace leads to generation of new ideas that can be beneficial for the firm. Diverse and different minds join towards fulfilling the goals of the company. The people have different ways of thinking, solving problems and making decisions that can be used as an opportunity in an organization. Diverse workforce also creates an opportunity to increase the market share of the organization as it helps in creating a satisfied customer base due to availability of people from diverse background. The companies in United States were able to capture major market share due to incorporation of diverse workforce in an organization. It helps in stimulating innovation so that the organizations can outperform the competition. Diversity management leads to expansion of the global market. Diversity at workplace also leads to build a good reputation for the company leading to great opportunities and profitability for the workers. An organization that is known for inclusion, ethics, diversity and fairness will attract more loyal customers that are likely to stay attached to the organization for a long period. Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that diversity at workplace is gaining importance and seeking attention of not only the managers but also the employees. Diversity at workforce has many advantages and challenges for the managers and employees. Managing diversity at organization is seeking attention in 21st century because of globalization and increase in interactions. Workforce diversity has many challenges because of various reasons that are differences in languages, cultures, communication, resistance to change and conflicts. If the managers properly manage these challenges then various opportunities are available to the organization. Diverse workforce leads to improvement of the productivity of the organization. It helps in managing people effectively increasing their loyalty and making them more enthusiastic to work. Inclusion of the diverse workforce in organization can either break or make the organization. Hence, the strategies and implementation plan should be managed effectively b y the managers in order to reap the maximum benefit. References Afzal, F., Mahmood, K., Samreen, F., Asim, M., Sajid, M. (2013). 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Kirton, G., Greene, A. M. (2015).The dynamics of managing diversity: A critical approach. Routledge. Kumar, G. K. (2015). Diversity in workplace: Benefits, challenges and solutions.International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences,5(7), 149-164. Martn Alczar, F., Miguel Romero Fernndez, P., Snchez Gardey, G. (2013). Workforce diversity in strategic human resource management models: A critical review of the literature and implications for future research.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,20(1), 39-49. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C., Van Der Zee, K. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), 159-175. Sagar, M. N. (2014). Emerging challenges in hrm: workforce diversity. Schaeffer, C. B., Mattis, J. S. (2012). Diversity, religiosity, and spirituality in the workplace.Journal of management, spirituality religion,9(4), 317-333. Scott, C. L. (Ed.). (2012).Handbook of Research on Workforce Diversity in a Global Society: Technologies and Concepts: Technologies and Concepts. IGI Global. Urciuoli, B. (2015). The compromised pragmatics of diversity.