The Influence of Violent Cultural Traditions on the...

â€Å"Violence has been a prominent social response to the application of structural adjustment policies throughout Latin America. There are societies in which, things fall apart; the center cannot hold. Violence is a shared disease that seems to arise in all societies where there are profound social differences and exploitation†¦Many Latin American societies are condemned to bloodletting by the precedents of violence and gross injustice that characterize their culture and their history.† – LeMoyne James, ‘Children of Cain’ 1991 Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s text depicts the cultural life and setting of Latin America. His inclusion of conventional values portrayed in the novel such as pride and honor influences specific characters such as Pedro†¦show more content†¦The author’s understanding of violence is extended beyond the text and into the political history of Latin America, full of neo-colonial repression, racial discrimination and struggles. Taking the location of the story into consideration we are able to understand that it is set in a small, isolated, confined community that is somewhat abandoned by the outside world. It is understandable that this isolation of the community has allowed it to maintain obsolete traditions which remain implanted in their society. Traditions such as the â€Å"honor killing† of Santiago Nasar or the â€Å"cult of death,† that the Vicario daughters practiced, as well as the custom of superstition and of course the essential concept of pride and honor. The traditions in Chronicle of a Death Foretold are revealed to be very important in this Latin American society. From arranged marriages, to greeting the bishop, we see tradition affecting the lives of many of the people in the river village. However we can also see this through the roles of women in this society. Purisima del Carmen, Angela Vicario’s mother, has raised her four fine daughters to be good wives. The girls do not marry until later in their lives, and only seldom socialize beyond the confinements of their home. The women spend their

Art History Filippo Brunelleschi Scuptor and Architect of...

Art History: Renaissance Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the greatest sculptors and architects of the Renaissance. His architectural achievements consist of some of the most well known and impressive structures not only of the Renaissance, but today. Not only were his structures amazing, but during his time he also invented new technology that would allow for his structures to be built. What would happen if Brunelleschi never designed architecture? We would have lost his inventions, his structures, and all of the work he inspired in other artists. Brunelleschi’s career path changed from sculpture to architecture after his loss to Ghiberti during the competition for the Eastern Doors of the Florentine Baptistery. If Brunelleschi had won†¦show more content†¦The scene feels much more tense than that of Ghiberti, who has rendered his scene and figures more gracefully and more delicate. The scene is less active and more atmospheric with the figures appearing more relaxed and less intense than Bru nelleschi’s. In the end, the competition was concluded and agreed on by the judges that Ghiberti was the winner. Although in the books and articles I’ve read through, each has a slightly different version of how the competition winner was decided. Some say that it was unclear how they chose a winner, while another says that Donato and Brunelleschi both agreed that Ghiberti was the clear winner and might have been declared the winner because his panel required approximately 30% less bronze, A couple of the readings said that it was a tie and that they were both asked to work on the commission together, which upon further reading seems most likely accurate. Apparently the only two panels that survived were Brunelleschi’s and Ghiberti’s, which suggests that they tied because they made sure that they survived since they were so well done. Regardless of how the decision was determined, Brunelleschi forfeited his role in working on the doors that would eventually complete the Gates of Paradise. Brunelleschi decided that rather than be equal or second to someone, he would become the

Brave New World By Aldous Huxley - 1023 Words

In the book Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, the character John the Savage is brought from his homeland of Malpais to London. When he arrives he finds that this world is very different from his own. Saddened and angered by the injustice of the society, he attempts to isolate himself from the world. John the Savage’s experience of being exiled from Malpais was enriching in that it showed him the true nature of the Other Place and alienating in that he was separated from his culture and not able to integrate into the new one. This illuminates the meaning of the work in that it shows the negative side of the â€Å"utopian† society. John the Savage’s exile from his homeland was enriching in that it showed him the true nature of the Other Place.†¦show more content†¦Don’t you even understand what manhood and freedom are?’† (Huxley 212-213) This quote shows how he became aware of the injustice of the system. His discovery of the true natu re of the Other Place was an enriching experience. It allowed him to no longer wonder about what the outside world was like and to no longer hold an idea in high regard that was not worthy of it. The truth is better than the lie and in learning the truth, John was enriched by his experience of being cut off from his homeland. John the Savage’s exile from his homeland was alienating in that it separated him from his culture and he was not able to integrate into the new one. John the Savage grew up in a society with very different views from that of the society in London. It was very difficult for him to not be around other people who shared similar ideas with him. This is exemplified by the quote â€Å"‘... Listen, Lenina; in Malpais people get married.† â€Å"Get what?† The irritation had begun to creep back into her voice. What was he talking about now? â€Å"For always. They make a promise to live together for always.† â€Å"What a horrible idea! † Lenina was genuinely shocked.† (Huxley 191) He was unable to connect with anyone on a deep level because of this intrinsic difference between them. Therefore, this experience was alienating for him because he was set apart from the rest of the society. The experience was so alienating that John the Savage removed himself from the society around him. â€Å"‘I shall go away

Analysis Of The Article Volunteerism Among Homeless...

The article, â€Å"Volunteerism among Homeless Persons with Developmental Disabilities,† by Larry G. Morton II and Giovanina Gardiner conducted the study in at George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. The researchers discuss about the adults hardships and struggles these individuals are exposed to on a daily basis. In addition, this vulnerable population is excluded from mainstream society. The authors that conducted this study did a comparison on homeless individuals who were diagnosis with a developmental delay to determine if there is a correlation between volunteerism and community integration. Furthermore, the intent of this article is â€Å"to take Bowgett’s study a step further by reporting the level of volunteerism in an urban sample of homeless persons with developmental disabilities. The research question is does volunteerism suggest healthy community integration among this ample of homeless persons with develop mental disabilities?† ( (Gardiner, Morton, Cunningham-Williams, 2010, p. 2). In fact, the demographics of this article were citizens residing in two suburban St. Louis city public parks. Also, the following stipulation include: being age eighteen or older, having received special education services for development disability during their educational career, and being currently homeless ( i.e. staying outdoors, in a shelter, temporarily doubled up in another’s residence, or staying in a place not meant for human

Bluffing Free Essays

string(34) " additional sources as necessary\." HUMN 330 Values and Ethics Online Course Syllabus Credit Hours: 3 Delivery Method: Online (Internet / Blackboard) Required Textbook Rosenstand, N. (2013). The moral of the story: An introduction to ethics (7th ed. We will write a custom essay sample on Bluffing or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0078038426 Course Description This course focuses on the process of practical ethics as a way of resolving moral conflict and of understanding professional responsibility in a multi-culturally diverse society without devaluating specific viewpoints of ethical or metaphysical theory, ideology, or religion. Students will use proposals, value judgments, observation statements, assumptions, and alternate-world assumptions in arguing contemporary issues of moral importance. With this basic moral logic, students will resolve issues in terms of rights, responsibilities, and the community of rational beings; in terms of consequences and contingencies; and in terms of habituated virtues and character. Free and unrestricted discourse will be encouraged so as to let students find common ground in diversity. Course Goals This course is designed to help students: 1. Understand the basic vocabulary and fundamental theories of ethics. . Discover life’s values and determine which values are the most worthwhile. 3. Relate the textbook theories to actual life situations. 4. Find greater personal peace by choosing more constructive values. 5. Apply understanding of ethics to personal lives. 6. Understand the relationship between attitudes, values and moral conduct. Learning Outcomes This syllabus was developed for online learning by Dr. Moseby HUMN 330 Online Syllabus 0712 Upon course completion, students will be able to: 1. Judge the role and importance of ethics and evaluate moral behavior based on the criteria of value and self autonomy. . Assess the psychological, sociological, historical, and philosophical background of ethics. 3. Relate the nature and role of reason in understanding values. 4. Relate the nature and characteristics of freedom when responding to values. 5. Distinguish and apply ethical principles in ethical situations. 6. Explain the various arguments for and against the major contemporary ethical issues. 7. Discuss one’s options for identifying and replacing inferior values. 8. Explain the role, nature, and characteristics of responsibility. 9. Defend the value of and the process of foreseeing the consequences of an individual’s conduct. 10. Defend the choice of a viable ethical theory in solving an ethical problem. 11. Utilize the principles of critical thinking to enhance learning skills and to increase intellectual and moral growth. 12. Evaluate their conduct in the light of constructive ethical expectations. Grading Your final grade will be based on the following evaluation items: Grade Scale 90 – 100% 80 – 89% 70 – 79% 60 – 69% 0 – 59% A B C D F Evaluation Items and Weights Weekly Assignments Discussions Midterm Exam Group Project Final Exam Total 5% 30% 15% 15% 15% 100% Activities and Assignments Activities Each module, excluding Module 9, contains various assignments related to the respective module, such as: ? Chapter and Lecture Notes. This activity consists of reading the text and the lecture notes that are posted in each module. ? Reading and Reflection. This activity con tains a reading activity that is assigned to stimulate additional thinking and some discussions within the topic area. This syllabus was developed for online learning by Dr. Moseby HUMN 330 Online Syllabus 0712 ? ? Research and Critical Thinking. This activity varies with each module; however, they are typical outside readings with associated discussion questions of short essay-type answers to the topic area. Application. This activity varies with each module and is integrated into the learning modules to help you apply and reinforce the concepts that each module introduces. Weekly Assignments The assignments vary from module to module and are based on the activities that were contained within the module. Each includes a combination of threaded discussions, short essays, or study questions based on text or outside readings. The weekly assignments comprise 25% of your grade. Discussions The Discussion Board is an integral part of your learning in this course. You are encouraged and expected to participate in online discussions. Regular and meaningful discussion postings are part of your final grade. Each module, excluding Module 9, contain Discussion Board topics or questions that will help sharpen your critical thinking and written communication skills as you study the theories and concepts related to values and ethics. Thirty percent of your course grade will come from your original responses to module discussion prompts and responses to classmates submitted to the appropriate Discussion Board forum in response to these module discussion activities. Please refer to the Checklist for Meaningful Discussions and Discussion Rubric in Module 1. Discussions account for 30% of your grade. Exams Both the Midterm and Final Exams are time-limited online tests. The Midterm will cover Modules 1 through 4 (Chapters 1-6) and is to be taken in Week 4. The Final is comprehensive (Modules 1-4 and 5-9, Chapters 1-13) and is to be taken during Week 9. The Midterm and Final are each worth 15% of your grade. Group Project Module 8 is devoted to the group project. The Instructor will divide the class into four virtual groups to discuss a case involving an ethical issue. ? ? ? ? Group 1: Media Ethics Group 2: Theory of Just War Group 3: Animal Welfare and Animal Rights Group 4: Death Penalty Each group will have its own private group discussion forum. Accessing this private forum is a little different from reaching the public discussion forums. You will need to click the Groups menu item, not the Discussion Board. After clicking Groups, you will see the four groups listed but you will only have access to the group you have been assigned to. Click your group link to see a list of the other members of your group and then the Group Discussion Board link to access the discussion forum. This syllabus was developed for online learning by Dr. Moseby HUMN 330 Online Syllabus 0712 Work with your assigned group members on the ethics case for your group in your private discussion forum. Identify ethical or moral justifications to support your arguments from the text or additional sources as necessary. You read "Bluffing" in category "Essay examples" Use the Internet to research any additional information you would like to use in your group’s discussion. After groups have had time to review and discuss their cases and reach a consensus on the topic, one member of each of group will post its findings to the appropriate thread in the public Module 8 – Group Presentations forum. As individuals, each student will then comment on at least two other group presentations. The group project makes up 15% of your grade. Additional Information Library Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University has one of the most complete library collections of aviation-related resources in the world. ? ERAU Libraries: http://library. erau. edu/ Hunt Library Worldwide: Information, Services, Help o Worldwide Library: Basic Training o Worldwide Library: Ask-a-Librarian o Reference: Research Request Contact Information ? Hours: Monday – Friday 8:00 a. m. – 5:00 p. m. Eastern Time ? Telephone: 1-800-678-9428 or 386-226-6947 ? Email: librar y@erau. edu RefWorks RefWorks is an online database tool that can manage references and citations from almost any source. It provides specific guidance in how to collect and use references, create bibliographies, and write research papers. You may access it through this ERAU organizational login link when signed in to ERNIE or directly from the RefWorks website (http://www. refworks. com). A different link must be used for off-campus access (see these instructions). RefWorks requires users to create a RefWorks-specific username and password. Please contact the Hunt Library if you have any questions. Online Sources There are many websites that offer current information on values and ethics and any search engine (Google, etc. ,) will get you to both historic and current information that is relevant to the content of this course. In addition, many links are provided within the online learning modules. APA Format ERAU students should master the American Psychological Association (APA) editorial style format for research papers and other written assignments. Two good websites to bookmark for help citing references used in your assignments and discussion posts are listed below. (See the Academic Resources folder in the Resources area of the course for additional sites on APA style. ) This syllabus was developed for online learning by Dr. Moseby HUMN 330 Online Syllabus 0712 The OWL at Purdue, APA Formatting and Style Guide APA Style. rg Course Policies Academic Integrity Embry-Riddle is committed to maintaining and upholding intellectual integrity. All students, faculty, and staff have obligations to prevent violations of academic integrity and take corrective action when they occur. The adjudication process will involve imposing sanctions which may include, but are not limited to, a failing grade on the assignm ent, a failing grade in a course, suspension or dismissal from the University, upon students who commit the following academic violations: 1. Plagiarism: Presenting the ideas, words, or products of another as one’s own. Plagiarism includes use of any source to complete academic assignments without proper acknowledgement of the source. Reuse or resubmission of a student’s own coursework if previously used or submitted in another course, is considered self-plagiarism, and is also not allowed under University policy. 2. Cheating: A broad term that includes, but is not limited to, the following: a. Giving or receiving help from unauthorized persons or materials during examinations. b. The unauthorized communication of examination questions prior to, during, or following administration of the examination. . Collaboration on examinations or assignments expected to be, or presented as, individual work. d. Fraud and deceit, that include knowingly furnishing false or misleading information or failing to furnish appropriate information when requested, such as when applying for admission to the University. Online Learning This course is offered through ERAU Worldwide Online (Blackboard) and runs nine (9 ) weeks. The first week begins the first day of the term and ends at midnight EDT/EST (as applicable) seven days later. Success in this course requires in-depth study of each module as assigned, timely completion of assignments, and regular participation in forum discussions. Late work should be the exception and not the rule and may be downgraded at the discretion of the Instructor, if accepted at all. Unless all work is submitted, the student could receive a failing grade for the course. Extensions may be granted for extenuating circumstances at the discretion of the Instructor and only for the length of time the Instructor deems appropriate. The most important element of success in an online course is to communicate with your Instructor throughout the term. Conventions of â€Å"online etiquette,† which include courtesy to all users, will be observed. Students should use the Send Email function in Blackboard for private messages to the Instructor and other students. The class Discussion Board forums are for public messages. It is highly recommended that students keep electronic copies of all materials submitted as assignments, discussion board posts and emails, until after the end of the term and a final This syllabus was developed for online learning by Dr. Moseby HUMN 330 Online Syllabus 0712 grade is received. When posting responses in a discussion forum, please confirm that the responses have actually been posted after you submit them. Course Schedule Module Title Understanding Values, Morals, and Ethics Activities / Assignments 1. 1 – Introductions 1. 2 – Read Chapter 1; View Morality Video 1. 3 – Reading and Reflection: Morality and Ethics 1. 4 – Application: Current News Search 1. 5 – Discussion 1: Ethical Behavior 1. 6 – Discussion 2: Moral Issues 2. 1 – Read Chapter 2 and 3 2. 2 – Research and Critical Thinking: Haroun and the Sea of Stories Study Questions 2. – Discussion: Understanding the Past 2. 4 – Application: Moral Dilemma 2. 5 – Discussion: Ethnicity vs National Identity 3. 1 – Read Chapter 4; 3. 2 – Research and Critical Thinking â€Å"The Ethics of Emergencies Study Questions† 3. 3 – Reading and Reflection: Altruistic Behaviors 3. 4 – Application: Essay on Randâ⠂¬â„¢s Ideas 3. 5 – Discussion: Understanding Altruism 4. 1 – Read Chapters 5 and 6 4. 2 – Reading and Reflection: Utilitarianism and Deontology 4. 3 – Research and Critical Thinking: Flight 93 and Utilitarianism in Times of Crisis 4. – Discussion: Ends and Means 5. 1 – Review Modules 1 through 4 Learning Objectives 5. 2 – Discussion: Midterm Q A 5. 3 – Midterm Exam 6. 1 – Read Chapters 7 and 8; Listen to â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech† 6. 2 – Reading and Reflection: Walmart Employment Practices 6. 3 – Application: Education Equity and Social Justice Awareness 6. 4 – Discussion 1: Person vs. Human Being 6. 5 – Discussion 2: Rights and Responsibilities 6. 6 – Research Critical Thinking: The Trial of Socrates 6. 7 – Application: Resolving Ethical Dilemmas 6. 8 – Discussion 3: Socrates’ Trial 7. – Read Chapters 10 and 11 7. 2 – Research and Critical Thinking: â€Å"Either/Or† Study Questions 7. 3 – Reading and Reflection: Philosophers 7. 4 – Application: â€Å"Why Courage Matters: The Way to Braver Life† Study Questions 7. 5 – Discussion: Politics 7. 6 – Group Project Preview 8. 1 – Read Chapters 12 and 13; View Gender and Ethics Video 8. 2 – Reading and Reflection: Group Case 8. 3 – Research and Critical Thinking: Group Case 8. 4 – Application: Group Findings 9. 1 – Review Modules 1 through 8 Learning Objectives 9. 2 – Discussion: Final Q and A 9. – Final Exam 1 2 Moral Lessons Through Time and Ethical Relativism 3 Exploring Psychological and Ethical Egoism 4 Utilitarian Reasoning and Universal Law 5 Midterm Exam Week 6 Human Rights, Justice and the Concept of Virtues 7 The Contemporary Perspectives and Case Studies in Virtue 8 Feminism, Virtue, and the Exploration of Ethics in a Global Context 9 Final Exam Week This syllabus was develo ped for online learning by Dr. Moseby HUMN 330 Online Syllabus 0712 This syllabus was developed for online learning by Dr. Moseby HUMN 330 Online Syllabus 0712 How to cite Bluffing, Essay examples

Use of Recreational Drugs and its legalisation Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Use of Recreational Drugs and its Legalisation. Answer: Introduction Recreational drugs are also known as addiction drugs which are taken by the individuals not because of the medical purpose but for the enjoyment and pleasure when they are in social groups. These drugs are taken occasionally for altering ones mental state so that it can have modifications in an individuals feelings, perceptions and emotions. The consumption of these recreational drugs poses a direct impact upon an individuals body by bringing an intoxicating effect (Duke and Gross, 2014). There are majorly three categories of individuals which have high rate of usage of recreational drugs. It comprises of the state of depression, where individuals take use of these drugs to have calmness and a feeling of relaxation in them. The second category is stimulants, where people take use of these drugs to have a feeling of alertness and become more energetic. And the third common category is psychedelic drugs, where individuals consume these drugs to have perceptual distortions and illusions . The usages of recreational drugs are considered as more of a result of social behaviour rather than the outcome of medical conditions (Wood, et al., 2016). Use of recreational drugs and its legalisation (Source: globaldrugsurvey, 2014) Across the world, there has been found increasing use of the recreational drugs. The consumption of these drugs is increasing with a rapid and upsurge arte. The United States of America is one of the countries which have been recognized as one of the potential and significant user of these recreational drugs. The national individuals of America have an increasing propensity of consuming these drugs. As per the results of the Global Drug Survey 2014, it was found that the United States of America is at the leading position in the consumption of the recreational drugs which shows that there is high intake of cannabis which is one of the highly consumed recreational drugs (globaldrugsurvey, 2014). Reasons for the usage of recreational drugs There are numerous researches who have tried to identify the primary reasons behind the increasing consumption of these drugs which includes a number of factors. These fact ors comprises of socio-cultural influence, historical factors, increase availability, , juvenile delinquency, high peer pressure, upsurge arte of socioeconomic stressors, failure at workplace or school, history of trauma, martial issues, rebelliousness, curiosity, instant gratification, age, gender, self-medication, psychological problems, personality type and genetics. All these factors and aspects are the foundation for the increasing usage of these recreational drugs among the society (Quintero and Nichter 2011). Risks involved in the usage of recreational drugs The risk associated with the usage of these drugs completely depends upon the fraction of time and the amount of drug consumed by the user. There are number of factors which have their impact and role in developing the risks for the individuals consuming these drugs. The most harmful recreational drugs include alcohol, crack cocaine, methamphetamines, heroin, marijuana, etc. In the United States, there is extensive usage of marijuana among the youngsters and adults (Gable, 2006). The youth is directing towards the increase consumption of marijuana and leading them towards a more dreadful future. There are several health related risks which are the results of usage of these recreational drugs such as slowly and gradually it becomes an addiction for the human body which the users do not realize in the initial phase. But once it becomes an addiction, it is next to impossible to get rid of such addictions. Other risk includes cardiovascular problems, sexual dysfunction, weakening of the immune system, respiratory problems, antisocial personality, tampers with the brain and personality disorders (Zhang, Harris and Ho, 2016). Prevention There is an increasing demand for the prevention against the continuously up surging usage of these recreational drugs. The governments, various public health organisations as well as other health institutions are trying numerous ways to save the youths and the other individuals from the hazardous impact of the consumption of these addiction drugs. As a successful prevention technique, the Governments are highly recommended to legalize the usage of these drugs. By legalizing the sales and consumption of the recreational drugs, the Government can save number of individuals from its ill-effects (Van Ours, 2012). There are several positive implications of making the usage of drugs legalized which includes saving of billions of dollars which the individuals spend on the purchase of these drugs. By legalizing the sales of these drugs, the Government can have huge earning by imposing taxes over the sales. The second positive impact is that there can be attained actual data i.e. the number of individuals consuming these drugs. By having the analysis of the consumption rate, the Government can develop appropriate strategies for overcoming the related issues (Fraser and Moore, 2011). Another prevention technique other than legalisation of drugs could conclude sting operations, secret checks, high control over the import and exports of goods, forming of strict regulations, various informational campaigns which can fetch the attention of the individuals and direct them towards the stoppage of consuming these drugs by demonstrating the ill-effects of consuming these drugs on their health (Stringer and Maggard, 2016). Types of recreational drugs There are several types of recreational drugs which are consumed by the diverse groups of individuals depending upon their physical needs, individual behaviour and financial conditions. The various types includes Alcohol, Toabcco, Marijuana, Vicodin,Cocaine, Oxycodone, Ecstasy, LSD, Tramadol, Clonazepam, Diazepam, Zolpidem, Heroin, Buprenorphine, Morphine, Lorazepam, Methadone, Carisoprodol, DMT, Oxymorphone, ketamine, etc. (Schierenbeck, et al., 2008). Advantages on drug market The consumption of the recreational drugs has been found both positive as well as negative fir the individual and their health. There are more of negative impacts of these drugs. But if the Government legalise the usage and sale of these drugs, then it could be found advantageous for the drug market as well as for the nations and the individuals in most of the sense. There are several benefits for the drug market such as there will be increased legal sales of the drugs rather than the buying of the drugs via illegal ways. This will help in boosting the growth of the drug market and will eliminate the criminal market place which was extending with a rapid rate (Sather, 2005). Recommendation The youth as well as well as the increasing number of individuals are draining in the flow of the usage of recreational drugs. In the present scenario, it is highly essential to stop or reduce this rising rate of consumption of these drugs. It is recommended that the various national authorities across the globe and mainly the Government of USA must legalize the usage and sales of recreational drugs (Weatherburn, 2014). This is recommended because of the reason that legalisation of the drugs will provide access to the correct information about the increasing intake of these drugs. The correct and appropriate information will assist the policy makers as well as the government to formulate improved and correct set of policies and strategies for the control usage of these drugs. The another recommendation for preventing the issues of the increasing usage of these drugs is that, if the government legalized these drugs, then they can offer the corrects set of user guide or information rel ated to the use of these drugs such as avoiding the use of same needle, etc. (Sather, 2005). There can also be establishment of more number of rehabilitation centres which are free of cost, so that the individuals get a better treatment there and can be tree vroom the addiction of these drugs. It is also recommended that there is a huge supply of these recreational drugs from various overseas regions., thus the import must be checked and controlled in an efficiency manner with high scrutiny so that the young generations as well as the adults can be saved from the ill-effects of usage of these recreational drugs (Foddy and Savulescu, 2006). Conclusion From this report, it can be concluded that there is increasing demand and usage of the recreational drugs across the world. The youngsters are getting much fascinated by the use of these drugs because of their social and personal behaviour. There are various types of drugs available in the market and the illegal supply of these drugs is increasing the consumption with a rising rate. The United States of America is one of the countries which is very much and deeply affected by the illegal consumption of these recreational drugs. Thus, it is concluded that the Government authorities must legalized the usage and sales of these drugs so that they can fetch the appropriate and correct information and can frame strategic policies to overcome the issues and the challenges of the usage of recreational drugs. References Duke, S., Gross, A. C. (2014).America's longest war: Rethinking our tragic crusade against drugs. Open Road Media. Foddy, B., Savulescu, J. (2006). Addiction and autonomy: can addicted people consent to the prescription of their drug of addiction?.Bioethics,20(1), 1-15. Fraser, S., Moore, D. (Eds.). (2011).The drug effect: Health, crime and society. Cambridge University Press. Gable, R. S. (2006). The toxicity of recreational drugs.American scientist,94(3), 206. Globaldrugsurvey, (2014). The Global Drug Survey 2014 findings, Retrieved on: 1st May, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/past-findings/the-global-drug-survey-2014-findings/ Quintero, G., Nichter, M. (2011). Self-medication, and recreational drug use.A companion to medical anthropology,17, 339-350. Sather, T. (Ed.). (2005).Pros and cons: a debater's handbook. Routledge. Schierenbeck, T., Riemann, D., Berger, M., Hornyak, M. (2008). Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana.Sleep medicine reviews,12(5), 381-389. Stringer, R. J., Maggard, S. R. (2016). Reefer Madness to Marijuana Legalization: Media Exposure and American Attitudes Toward Marijuana (1975-2012).Journal of Drug Issues,46(4), 428-445. Van Ours, J. C. (2012). The long and winding road to cannabis legalization.Addiction,107(5), 872-873. Weatherburn, D. (2014). The pros and cons of prohibiting drugs.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,47(2), 176-189. Wood, D. M., Dines, A. M., Heyerdahl, F., Yates, C., Giraudon, I., Paasma, R., ... Dargan, P. I. (2016). Review of European-Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN) training package for non-specialist workers to assess acute recreational drug and new psychoactive substance toxicity in night-time economy environments.Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy,23(1), 73-77. Zhang, M. W., Harris, K. M., Ho, R. C. (2016). Is Off-label repeat prescription of ketamine as a rapid antidepressant safe? Controversies, ethical concerns, and legal implications.BMC medical ethics,17(1), 4.

Case Study Analysis Hypertension and Heart Failure

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Analysis of Hypertension and Heart Failure. Answer: 1) Why Hypertension leads to Heart Failure Hypertension is a disease that affects the normal rate of the heartbeat to either more than 140 over 90 mmHg. Because of the increased speed of the heartbeat, the normal functioning of the body is affected because the heart struggles to maintain the body operations. A patient is confirmed to be suffering from hypertension after several tests of the blood pressure. If there are consistent results of strange/abnormal heartbeat rates, then the patient is said to be hypertensive. The human body should be subjected to different physical activities so that blood flow can be managed. Insufficient physical exercises lead to thickening of lipids in the arteries that makes the heart struggle to pump blood. Also, eating foodstuff that is rich in salt can expose an individual to this disease. There are some long-term effects of hypertension that raises the chance of an individual being diagnosed with heart failure. For example, the vessels are narrowed, which makes it hard for the heart to effectively supply blood into the entire body. When a person is suffering high blood pressure, shortness of breathing is experienced, which means that the body will not be acquiring enough oxygen. Therefore, respiration system will be altered, and the lungs acquire droplets of water, which fully affects the breathing system causing pains in the chest. High blood pressure is related to enlarged heart size that reduces the ability of the heart to manage its pressure, thus leading to low blood pressure. Therefore, a higher chance of heart failure will be perceived because there will be no pressure to pump the blood through the artery to the body parts. People with hypertension are prone to kidney diseases, thus affecting its functionality. The kidney is very crucial in the body because it cleanses the blood from the body parts back to the heart for oxygenation, thus making the cycle effective. If the kidney does not undertake such requirements, the blood will reach the heart while it is still contaminated thus reducing its profitability to the body. In cases where the blood not purified, it means that there are higher chances of the body parts failing because the blood supplied is not up to the expected standards. As a result of the kidney failure disease, the patient might also be exposed to heart failure disease that is characterised by low power for the blood-pumping activity (Cheriyan, McEniery, Wilkinson, 2010). The brain of a person depends on oxygenated blood from the body just as the heart. In cases when the blood being pumped from the heart to other parts of the body is not nourishing, there are higher chances of some body parts failing. The brain is exposed to several critical diseases if it is not nourished by perfectly oxygenated blood from the heart. Stroke is among these diseases which make some of the brain cell to die. In such cases, one side of the body might be unresponsive, which might lead to heart failure. If the pressure of the blood is not controlled, the vessels connecting the heart and the brain can be weakened and destroyed, causing them to rupture, leak or narrow. Therefore, insufficient supply of the blood to the brain will lead to stroke and later heart failure. 2) Pathophysiology of Heart Failure The pathophysiologic processes that accompanies heart failure are complex because this is a disease that affects the entire body. The interactions and effects move from subcellular to the organs, thus affecting the normal functioning of the body in the body parts. The overwhelming of the adaptions for the networks leads to heart failure (Kitchens Maze, 2016). a) Adaptations There are some important adaptations of heart failure, and they are stated below: - Death and regeneration of myocyte in alterations. Activating the systems of Neurohormonal. Sustenance of cardiac functionality through the use of Frank-Starling methodology. Hypertrophy of myocardial with augmenting the mass of contractile tissue. The myocardial contractility is increased by norepinephrine released by the nerves of the cardiac. In cases when individual experiences acute heart failure, adaptive mechanisms that are used in maintaining the normal functioning of the heart might be destroyed, thus becoming ineffective. Myocyte hypertrophy, regeneration and death are the effects of increased stress of the walls of the cardiac. Therefore, if the functionality of the heart is affected, the output is altered leading to the provocation of neuroendocrine activation (Katz Konstam, 2012). b) Ang II Scientists have indicated that the effect of norepinephrine in cases of heart failure is the same as for Ang II. This compound is used to increase inotropy, reduce lusitropy and raise the level of afterload. All these processes lead to increased expenditure of energy for the heart. Also, Ang II has been used in the increment of myocyte of apoptosis. The myocardial function might be reduced progressively by And II as it balances the myocardial hypertrophy (Cheriyan, McEniery, Wilkinson, 2010). Therefore, the volume and mass of myocardial are increased as the loss of myocyte activated, which in turn leads to further increment of the myocardial mass and volume. c) Remodelling and Myocardial and Myocyte In heart failure disease, the increased volume of myocardial is directly linked to the large myocytes that are always approaching the end of the cycle. Therefore, after they fall off, they add weight to the ventricles, thus creating unfavourable environs in the heart, thus affecting the progenitor cells that are supposed to replace the myocytes. The effectiveness of these cells reduces, which leads to acceleration of the heart failure because of the failed regeneration process. The myocardial remodelling is characterised by increased mass and volume of the heart and an increased rate of myocyte loss. d) Diastolic and Systolic Failure When the stroke volume reduces, the chances of systolic and diastolic heart failure increases. Thereafter, chemo reflexes, central baroreflexes and peripherals are activated to manage the nerve traffic developed by the changes in the cardiac. Neurohormonal usually responds to the cases of reduced levels of stroke and this processes are clearly seen on people suffering from systolic heart failure. Some prognostic implication is identified when cardiac dysfunction is observed, which is correlated with plasma elevation. Norepinephrine is responsible for some abnormalities in a variety of signal transduction and reduction in the level of myocyte (Deedwania, 2012). e) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) The BNP and ANP peptides are activated as a result of the expansion ventricular pressure and volume. Therefore, these peptides are released from the ventricles and atria for the BNP and ANP respectively. Natriuresis and vasodilation are supported by these peptides, and their effects are neutralised by reducing the pressures in the ventricles, thus reducing the pre and after load of the cardiac. Sodium reabsorption in the tubule is inhibited by BNP and at the same time, it produces arteriolar vasodilation. These volumes/levels of BNP and ANP increased when chronic heart failure is suffered. Therefore, Brain Natriuretic Peptide has very important therapeutic, prognostic and diagnostic implications (Kearney, 2008). f) Left Ventricle (LV) Stiffness The left ventricle can increase in size if there is a combination of either the following: - The increment in the pressure is filling the ventricle. If a steeper pressure-volume curves for the ventricle is experienced. If the distensibility of the ventricular decreases (Kitchens Maze, 2016). As a result of a failure in myocarditis or acute valvular regurgitation, there might be an increase in the pressure in ventricular up leading to steeper curve. The steeper ventricular curve results by; increased wall thickness and ventricular mass, myocardial ischemia, fibrosis of endomyocardial, and infiltrate disorders such as amyloidosis (Kaplan, Victor, Kaplan, 2010). g) Left Ventricle Hypertrophy Left Ventricle Hypertrophy is led by increased overload of pressure, which also occurs in hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and aortic stenosis. Therefore, the pressure-volume curve in diastolic is shifted to the left to a place along the axis (Nadar Lip, 2009). Although the stiffness of the chamber may or may not be affected, the diastolic pressure is elevated in an abnormal manner. Increment if diastolic pressure leads to: - Increased demand for oxygen for myocardial Ventricle remodelling Myocardial Ischemia Maladaptive mechanisms are progressed eventually h) Arrhythmias All forms of heart failure are imparted with significant burden by arrhythmias as dangerous rhythms are experienced in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Also, some of the arrhythmias contribute to the occurrence of heart failure condition. Life-threatening arrhythmias are the most significant among all the rhythms associated with heart failure. Myocardial hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation and myocardial fibrosis are the most common structural substrates in arrhythmias. 3) Rationale of the Treatment According to the doctors prescriptions, it was important for the 64-year-old female patient to undertake some medicine that would help her recover from the state of breathlessness. This is a critical condition that could not be handled through outpatient health services, and that is the reason she was sent to the medical ward. The doctors decision was triggered by the results obtained after the testing the blood pressure that was found to be 156/96 mmHg, the heartbeat pulse at 128 bpm and a shallow respiration rate. These results show that the patient was suffering hypertension, and there were high chances that she had a heart attack. The patient has problems in breathing because of the affected cardiac functionality, and that is the reason behind the Ventolin 5mg medication, which helps in regulating the respiratory rate for asthmatic individuals. However, this disease did not help her, but it led to severe tremors ad anxiety, which worsened the situation. Intravenous (IV) therapy was used in cooling the situation and neutralising the effect of Ventolin into the body of the patient. The reaction observes after Ventolin was initiated into the body of the patient indicated that the health problem was not as a results lung disease. The next medical test was electrocardiogram, which shows that there was abnormal heart rhythm. Later, a chest indicated that there were some traces of fluid in the lung fields (Dez, 2014). Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) test was conducted to test the acidity of the blood from the artery and obtain the levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). According to the results obtained, the pH indicated that the blood was alkaline because the value obtained was above the normal range of values. The pressure of oxygen was found to be at a good pressure value but carbon dioxide values obtained was above the normal range which is between 35-45 mmHg. When the pressure of CO2 is perceived to be above 45 mmHg, it means that the gas is not able to move out of the body efficiently. Therefore, an intervention to accelerate the movement of CO2 out of the body is supposed to be used to balance the volumes to sustainable values. The bicarbonate values were within a manageable range although it was unable to maintain the pH of the blood. The oximetry reading shown that the patient needed 85% of 3 litres oxygen through the nasal prongs. After the patient was referred to the medical ward, there some medicines that were prescribed based on the medical tests undertaken and results undertaken. The doctor stated that the patient needed to be put in oxygen machine at 3 litres/minute through the nasal prongs. This would make her respiratory system managed effectively by providing sufficient flow of oxygen. The methyldopa 250 mg prescribed by the doctors was aimed at reducing the arterial pressure because the patient was diagnosed with a heart attack caused by hypertension condition. Also, physiotens (moxonidine) is a drug that is used to reduce/moderate the blood pressure, and this makes it an antihypertensive medicine. In this case, moxonidine is the component stimulates imidazoline receptors found in the brain, thus reducing the rate of sending signals blood vessels that make them narrow and contract (Semigran Shin, 2013). Plendil (felodipine) is also another medicine that was prescribed by the doctor for the 64-year-old patient. This medicine in categorised in a group of drugs that are known as calcium channel blockers (Matt Vera, 2013). It helps the blood vessels to relax/widen, thus reducing the workload on the heart by making the pumping process easier. Therefore, the blood pressure will be automatically lowered and perfectly managed. Karvia medicine was also used as an antihypertensive drug that, which is prescribed to be used by adults whose hypertension condition has no known/obvious cause. It is supposed to be used once in the morning to maintain the blood pressure and treat kidney disease if perceived. Karvezide 300 mg/25 mg is used by individuals who suffer hypertension just as the patient in this case. Its core use is the treatment of high blood pressure, and it contains a combination of hydrochlorothiazide and irbesartan (Hosenpud Greenberg, 2013). In the next morning, the patient was feeling much better after the use of the drugs prescribed by the doctor. Her wellness was fully supported by the oxygen provided, and whenever the supply was disconnected, she was unable to breathe. She was then assessed by the cardiologist, and Lasix 40 mg drug was ordered for the start and then to be continued every morning. The cardiologist stated that the patient suffered heart failure, and it was probably because of hypertension condition that she has had for many years. Use of Lasix (furosemide) 40 mg was aimed at reducing the excessive fluids in the lungs so that the respiratory system could be enhanced (MacGregor Kaplan, 2010). Therefore, the shortness of breath and hypertension could be managed effectively. The excessive fluids in the body are lost through urination when furosemide is taken. Lasix 40 mg dosage helped the patients respiratory system by clearing the excessive fluids in the lungs. Therefore, in the next morning, she confess ed that she was feeling much better, and her lungs felt good and free. 4) Nursing Interventions a) Nutrition This nursing intervention will be aimed at educating/informing the patient or her family members how they should manage the nutrition to enable the patient manage hypertension and heart failure effectively. The approach of this nursing plan will be connected to the avoidance of imbalanced diet/nutrition. Also, other cultural preferences and other activities to be undertaken towards nutrition will be included in the plan. It has been evidenced that skinfold for the triceps should not be more than 25mm for women and 15mm for men. Therefore, the patient or the family members will be advised to manage the diet to avoid obesity. The most effective and functional eating patterns for the patient will be advised to manage the body to desirable weight. An appropriate exercise system can be initiated for the patient to ensure that the respiratory system is enhanced (Michael Felker, 2010). The patient suffering heart failure should ensure that all cases that can lead to obesity are avoided because when an individual gains more weight, the blood pressure is perceived to raise. The patient or the carers should understand the direct relationship between hypertension and obesity. Their understanding prompts them to focus on exercises and weight loss because reducing weight will replace the use of the drug for therapy. Instruction are important to help the patient choose effective diets such as prioritising on fruits, low-fat foods, vegetable and avoid feeding on foodstuff with saturated fats. It is important to avoid cholesterol and fats to prevent atherogenesis. Elimination of drug therapy can be reduced or replaced by using dietary approaches to stop hypertension (Mann Felker, 2014). b) Decreased Cardiac Output There are several chances of experiencing decreased cardiac output for a person suffering hypertension or heart failure. The resistance of the vascular might be increased, suffering from ventricular rigidity myocardial ischemia (Rnao, 2009). It will be desired or effective for the patient to engage in activities which are perceived to reduce BP or cardiac workload. The blood pressure should also be managed within the acceptable or manageable range. Also, it will good for the patient if the cardiac rhythm is successfully maintained and engage in stress management activities. The stress level of a patient should be assessed to identify the best method to be used in reducing it to a manageable point (Stewart Blue, 2008). Based on laboratory report, a registered nurse can identify the factors that are contributing to the reduction of cardiac output. Some other factors such as skin colour and moisture can be identified to check the level of hypertension, thus paving a way for an effective method of control. The nurse will also advise the patient on the best ways to manage cardiac output. Also, the response of the medical interventions implemented will also be monitored and evaluated so that their effectiveness can be maintained (Bulechek, Butcher, Dochterman, Wagner, 2013). c) Coping Effectively A registered nurse is to focus on coping with different changes experienced when the heart failure condition is suffered. They should be advised to cope with exercises that help in managing the condition. For instance, a person who was used to little or no exercise might experience muscle fatigue after engaging in various physical activities advised by the doctor. Based on this nursing plan, the impossible coping behaviours should be identified so that alternatives evaluated (Nanda, 2012). Individual stressing agents should be determined and their potential effect evaluated. The capability of coping to the strategies will also be accessed by the nurse, thus showing the level of willingness to the treatment approach. It is normal that a person will try hard to fit in a medical intervention plan if it is perceived to help in a treatment process (Michael Felker, 2010). The patient is advised to focus on priorities of life, thus being able to undertint the current situation and effect on future life. Therefore, the patient will be assisted in planning for necessary changes in lifestyle, thus being helped to cope and fit perfectly. The patient should make life changes that are realistic and able to make her powerful and encourage in life. The patient should be informed that a lot physical and psychological changes will be experienced ("Heart failure: management", 2014). Therefore, it will be advisable to be ready for changes such as impaired concentration, fatigue, irritability among others. The negative thoughts perceived by the patient about the dangers connected with the condition should be replaced with positive ideas through encouragements. References Bulechek, G., Butcher, H., Dochterman, J., Wagner, C. (2013). Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. Cheriyan, J., McEniery, C., Wilkinson, I. (2010). Hypertension. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Deedwania, P. (2012). Heart failure. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. Dez, J. (2014). 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